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Cigarette smoking status alters dysbiotic gut microbes in hypertensive patients

From nicotine withdrawal to cravings and oral fixation, overcoming these obstacles requires patience, persistence, and the right tools

Notably, evidence from a 2024 longitudinal cohort revealed that tobacco use altered the oral microbiome, with cigarette and smokeless tobacco users exhibiting increased bacterial diversity, including a higher abundance of Firmicutes and a lower abundance of Proteobacteria compared to non-users

physical health) rather than the framing

& Salakhutdinov, R

Research should aim to investigate the long-term effects of smoking on testosterone levels and other hormone parameters