5:ENEURO.0236-18.2018
Riboflavin has therapeutic potential for certain mitochondrial disorders, such as mutations in the X-linked apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria-associated 1 (AIFM1) and mitochondrial complex I deficiency nuclear type 20 or mitochondrial complex II deficiency ( Riboflavin also supports the antioxidant defense system by aiding the regeneration of other antioxidants, such as glutathione, from oxidized glutathione (GSSG), since riboflavin, in the form of FAD, is necessary for glutathione reductase to play its role in converting GSSG ( Vitamin B2 deficiency disrupts intermediary metabolism, potentially impairing energy production via the ETC, which is mainly concerned for the nervous system, given its high energy demands, and also can lead to disorders, such as migraine, because of energy failure, alongside overproduction of ROS (47)
While direct causal evidence in PCOS remains limited, this framework integrates endocrine, metabolic, and immunological dimensions to provide a structured lens for understanding how neutrophil and NET-mediated pathways could contribute to systemic and organ-specific dysfunction in affected women
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